CVE-2025-52484

Description

RISC Zero is a general computing platform based on zk-STARKs and the RISC-V microarchitecture. Due to a missing constraint in the rv32im circuit, any 3-register RISC-V instruction (including remu and divu) in risc0-zkvm 2.0.0, 2.0.1, and 2.0.2 are vulnerable to an attack by a malicious prover. The main idea for the attack is to confuse the RISC-V virtual machine into treating the value of the rs1 register as the same as the rs2 register due to a lack of constraints in the rv32im circuit. Rust applications using the risc0-zkvm crate at versions 2.0.0, 2.0.1, and 2.0.2 should upgrade to version 2.1.0. Smart contract applications using the official RISC Zero Verifier Router do not need to take any action: zkVM version 2.1 is active on all official routers, and version 2.0 has been disabled. Smart contract applications not using the verifier router should update their contracts to send verification calls to the 2.1 version of the verifier.

Reserved 2025-06-17 | Published 2025-06-20 | Updated 2025-06-20 | Assigner GitHub_M

Problem types

CWE-345: Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity

Product status

>= 2.0.0, < 2.1.0
affected

References

github.com/.../risc0/security/advisories/GHSA-g3qg-6746-3mg9

github.com/risc0/risc0/pull/3181

github.com/risc0/zirgen/pull/238

github.com/...ommit/006d86c363b16d2b2ac42d32d832a209ff8ab4c9

github.com/...ommit/1873bbb8a56793edd1f6195242d184cf6cc5175d

github.com/...ommit/67f2d81c638bff5f4fcfe11a084ebb34799b7a89

github.com/...ommit/e0e2918302c93e956f73ca2e44aef2b861d8c3ae

cve.org (CVE-2025-52484)

nvd.nist.gov (CVE-2025-52484)

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